Type of static equipment :
1) pressure vessel 2) heat exchanger 3) column 4) storage tanks
Pressure Vessels:
Pressure Vessels are “containers” which contain various process fluids at a considerably higher pressure than the normal atmospheric pressure. As these equipments are pressurized, they become very critical due to the inherent safety issues. A failure of a pressure vessel may cause damage to the whole process plant where it is installed. Consequently, their design, manufacture, and operation are regulated by engineering authorities backed up by laws. Pressure Vessels come in various configurations and orientations depending upon their application. Below are some photos of various types of pressure vessels:
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Horizontal type vessel, with saddle support, placed on a trailer for transportation
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| Vertical Vessel with leg Support |
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| Vertical Vessel with Skirt (red) & Base ring Support (green) |
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| Large distillation Columns, usually visible from a far off distance |
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| Large column with varying diameter, ready for transportation |
Storage Tanks:
Storage tanks are also containers of process fluid but differ from pressure vessels in various aspects. The purpose of the storage tanks is to store very large amounts of fluid which may be used later in the process (e-g De-mineralized Water Storage tank) or the fluid that is the final product in a processing unit (e-g Oil storage in a refinery). Storage tanks are usually very low pressure container as compared to pressure vessels. Most of the storage tanks are vertical cylindrical type with very large diameter (some time as large as 100 meters).
Below are some examples of cylindrical storage tanks:
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| Dome Roof Storage Tanks |
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| Cone Roof Storage Tanks |
Heat Exchangers:
Heat Exchangers are used to change the temperature of a fluid by exchanging heat energy of that fluid with another fluid. This exchange of heat is usually without exchange of mass. In the process industry usually two types of heat exchangers are used (Which can be classified as static equipments):
2- Plate Type
The S&T type exchangers have a number of small diameter tubes which serve as the heat transfer surface. The both fluids that exchange heat are separated from each other by dividing the whole equipment in two isolated chambers (called Shell Side & Channel Side).
Below is an example of Heat Exchanger:
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| U-Tube Heat Exchanger |
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| A typical U-tube bundle used in shell & tube type heat exchangers |
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